3 More Types of Not Only . . . but Also Errors

3 More Types of Not Only . . . yet additionally Errors 3 More Types of Not Only . . . yet additionally Errors 3 More Types of Not Only . . . yet additionally Errors By Mark Nichol Blunders of broken parallelism in sentences in which â€Å"not only† and â€Å"but also† help portray reciprocal expressions come in three general classes, as appeared, clarified, and rectified beneath. 1. This issue identifies with openness as well as to fulfillment, precision, and legitimacy of the information. In a straightforward sentence utilizing â€Å"not only† and â€Å"but also,† an action word that applies to the two expressions must go before â€Å"not only†: â€Å"This issue relates not exclusively to availability yet in addition to culmination, exactness, and legitimacy of the data.† (Otherwise, the supposition that will be that an action word particular from the one after â€Å"not only† will show up after â€Å"not also† in corresponding to the first, as in â€Å"This issue identifies with openness as well as applies to fulfillment, precision, and legitimacy of the data.†) 2. This progression presents a specialized change, yet acquaints dangers related with relocating with the cloud. In this model, equal action words should follow the separate arrangement phrases â€Å"not only† and â€Å"but also†: â€Å"This step presents a specialized change as well as acquaints dangers related with relocating with the cloud.† (Note, as well, the cancellation of the comma and the presentation of moreover.) 3. Along these lines, the courts have been focal, not exclusively to the protection of American opportunity, yet in addition to its development. In â€Å"not just . . . in any case, also† developments, a comma is frequently embedded before â€Å"but also† (or before yet alone when additionally is excluded, as in the model above), however the accentuation mark is superfluous on the grounds that what tails it's anything but an autonomous proviso or an incidental expression. Here, the principal comma is right, the subsequent one (expecting the third is overlooked) is faultless for accentuation yet is superfluous, and the third is a misstep, as clarified in the main sentence in this conversation: â€Å"In thusly, the courts have been focal not exclusively to the conservation of American opportunity yet additionally to its expansion.† Moreover, the presence of the second and third commas together is a twofold blunder; the consideration of this pair of accentuation checks incorrectly infers that what is contained inside is incidental. (To test for the legitimacy of the accentuation, see the sentence without the mediating expression: â€Å"In along these lines, the courts have been focal yet additionally to its expansion† is ungrammatical, so the commas are off base.) Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†A While versus AwhilePreposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Values Practice Issues Within Mental Health Nursing Practice

Qualities Practice Issues Within Mental Health Nursing Practice Utilizing the qualities recognized in the appended book (compassion and significance of self articulation) audit set up a 2000 word conversation and examination of qualities practice issues inside emotional wellness nursing practice. Presentation This paper plans to investigate a few issues around qualities and practice in psychological well-being nursing. The exposition expands upon a past bit of work embraced as a developmental task, an audit of a book read by the writer, which raised some key focuses which might be significant in emotional well-being nursing practice. The way toward revealing these issues, in light of inspecting and perusing a work of fiction, was one which prompted an association of thoughts, from what the book introduced, and from the author’s individual experience, beneficial experience, and clinical experience and figuring out how to date. The recognized issues are to do with sympathy, compassion and the significance of self-articulation. These are for the most part gives which the creator accepts are a lot of underestimated in regular daily existence, yet which become extremely critical for clients of emotional wellness administrations, and for psychological well-being specialist organizations, since they influence numerous territories of the individual, their experience, and the helpful relationship. This article will investigate these issues in the light of a portion of the distributed hypothesis and discussion on these subjects, and the author’s own perspective and encounters. Conversation No doubt inside psychological well-being nursing, the connection between the emotional wellness nurture and the customer is significant, yet this relationship depends on specific qualities which must support nursing care (Eagger et al, 2005), and certain necessities or prerequisites that the customer may feel according to the medical caretaker. Attendants working inside a system of qualities is no new thing, and qualities (and morals) have consistently supported medication and human services (Eagger et al, 2005). As indicated by Svedberg et al (2003), â€Å"Mental wellbeing is made by the joined procedure of one’s relationship to oneself and to others†, which would propose that the connections the customer structures with anybody engaged with supporting psychological well-being are doubly significant. The customer may get self-articulation significant for themselves, yet in addition they will require empathy from the emotional well-being medical attendant. The medical attendant, thus, might be tested by the client’s self-articulation, and may think that its difficult to feel sympathy or to relate to the customer on occasion. One of the difficulties of giving sympathetic consideration and even to the emotional wellness medical caretaker to encounter empathy is the alleged relationship which a few creators have found between apparent affliction and guardian sympathy. Schulz et al (2007) propose that there are connects between seen enduring and the degree of guardian sympathy. If so, at that point it could be contended that some psychological well-being medical caretakers who don't feel or show empathy are doing so in light of the fact that in some way or another they don't see or accept the customer to be genuinely enduring, or to be deserving of sympathy. This would raise a moral issue, since all the patient’s needs ought to be met, regardless of what the ‘personal’ reaction to the customer. Be that as it may, this could be an absence of discernment with respect to the emotional wellness nurture. Akerjordet and Severinsson (2004) talk about the issue of enthusiastic insight in nursing, an idea which influences the medical attendant patient relationship, especially inside psychological well-being nursing. Salovey and Mayer (1990) characterize passionate knowledge as â€Å"the capacity to screen ones own and others sentiments and feelings, to segregate among them and to utilize this data to direct ones reasoning and actions† (p 185). In their subjective investigation, Akerjordet and Severinsson (2004) discovered four prevailing topics about enthusiastic insight in psychological wellness nursing â€Å"relationship with the patient; the substance of oversight; inspiration; and responsibility.† This would recommend that passionate knowledge with respect to the medical caretaker is significant inside emotional well-being nursing. Akerjordet and Severinsson (2004) propose that enthusiastic insight â€Å"stimulates the quest for a more profound comprehension of an expe rt psychological wellness nursing identity† and that â€Å"emotional learning and development forms are fundamental to proficient skill, that is, self-improvement and development.† (p 164). Along these lines, the psychological well-being medical caretaker would need to build up the enthusiastic knowledge to comprehend why they are thinking that its difficult to feel sympathy for the customer, and to make a move to cure this, and to act in a delicate and strong manner towards the customer, regardless of whether they don't genuinely feel merciful towards them. Shattell et al (2007) completed research on the restorative relationship inside emotional well-being administrations, and found that customers communicated encounters of the remedial relationship under the accompanying topics: identify with me, know me as an individual, and get to the arrangement. â€Å"A remedial relationship for people with psychological sickness requires top to bottom individual information, which is gained uniquely with time, comprehension, and aptitude. Knowing the entire individual, instead of knowing the individual just as a help recipient.† (Shattell et al, 2007 p 274). This would propose that the emotional well-being medical caretaker ought to be propelled to build up a compassion with the customer through this information, and ought to effectively take part in searching out manners to know and to comprehend the customer. This may relate back to the issue of passionate insight, in light of the fact that the psychological well-being medical caretaker h as to know themselves quite well, and to get themselves and their expert persona (Akerjordet and Severinsson, 2004) preceding they would then be able to proceed to become acquainted with and comprehend, and feel for, the customer. Hamilton and Roper (2007) talk about the idea of understanding, taking a gander at its hypothetical underpinnings, and the way that it is dangerous in emotional well-being nursing since it very well may be hard to have knowledge into patient’s encounters of psychological maladjustment. Knowledge is viewed as a major aspect of the way toward becoming acquainted with and comprehend the customer, and from this, building up an information on their psychological sickness, including diagnosing their specific dysfunctional behavior (Hamilton and Roper, 2007). Be that as it may, building up this understanding is made troublesome by issues, for example, the apparent distinction in power among parental figure and customer, and the desires for ‘patient behaviours’ (Hamilton and Roper, 2007). This would propose that the psychological wellness nurture needs to consider each to be as a person, as extraordinary, and to set aside the effort to really become acquainted with the in dividual and their experience of dysfunctional behavior. Meanings of dysfunctional behavior, and marks, can make this harder, for the attendant, and for the customer too, who fears being decreased to their sickness instead of being viewed as an individual who is sick (Hamilton and Roper, 2007; Shattell et al, 2007). Research by Shatell et al (2006) stresses this point. In their investigation, customers raised various issues around being comprehended by psychological well-being parental figures, and it was this idea of being comprehended which appeared to be generally significant in building up a compelling remedial relationship. A portion of these ideas include: feeling significant; setting up associations, and being on a similar level (Shatell et al, 2006). Research by Svedberg et al (2003) discovered comparative outcomes, and in their investigation â€Å"the patients depicted how the sentiment of commonality in the relationship with the medical attendant was significant for the advancement of wellbeing forms. Commonality was accomplished by doing things together and by having a discourse with each other.† (p 451). This creator feels that these beliefs can be appropriately accomplished by psychological well-being medical attendants who set aside some effort to become acquainted with the customer and who create compassion with the customer through concentrating consideration on them. The patients needed to feel comprehended in Shatell et al’s (2006) study. â€Å" Feeling significant was a significant outcome of being comprehended. Being comprehended caused patients to feel like individuals as opposed to being dealt with like a number or being dealt with like in a production line. Members needed to be dealt with like people, not as wiped out, intellectually sick people; like people, not a lot of analyses â€Å" (Shatell et al, 2006 p 237). This could be seen as an outcome of the empathy and mindfulness of the attendant as an expert, and of their capacity to consider the to be as a person, to not be partial by anything about them, particularly not their disease. This is significant. This creator accepts that sympathy and compassion create through becoming acquainted with the customer appropriately, and that these all upgrade the remedial relationship. Shatell et al (2006) additionally propose that customers feel significant when they realize the medical caretaker has been considering them now and again other than up close and personal contact, and this is something to consider for training, especially corresponding to the discussions that attendants have with patients. It is additionally significant that psychological wellness medical attendants create appropriate listening abilities, which would likewise permit them to create caring comprehension, and bolster the customer in communicating (Freshwater, 2006). Empowering self-articulation is a significant piece of medical attendants becoming more acquainted with their patients, no doubt, yet self-articulation isn't simple for some individuals. Individuals with psychological sickness are frequently arranging a scope of various feeling of what establishes their ‘self’ (Meehan and Machlachlan, 2008). â€Å" For instance, an expert lady turns into a mother and spouse or ‘homemaker’ when she leaves the workplace for home. In changing starting with one self then onto the next sort, her numerous self voices renegotiate their pecking order and positions and make an intelligent self story reliable with the job of mother and wife.† (Meehan and

Most Importantly, No Reddit

Most Importantly, No Reddit On Friday evening, I made the disturbing discovery that my computer’s power adapter was dead. A long time coming, it had been on the fritz for about three weeks â€" I’d plug it in, but the battery wouldn’t begin to charge until I gave the plug a little jiggle. The odd thing was that I was just using the plug not five minutes earlier. I then unplugged the laptop, took it to another room, and then came back. I’m not sure what happened during those five minutes, but not even a jiggle could resuscitate its powerful abilities (pun intended). After fruitlessly trying to get the thing to work, I quickly ordered a new adapter online the following day. It was scheduled to arrive Monday, and while I knew I would miss my computer the whole weekend, I was ready to take advantage of this weekend off to get some serious work done. No YouTube, no Grooveshark, and, most importantly, no Reddit. This weekend, I said to myself, was bound to be my most productive all semester and perhaps ever. How navØve. I was able to complete my Spanish homework without issue â€" my textbook and two workbooks were all I needed. I now feel moderately prepared for tomorrow’s exam, and I should be fully prepared once I finish this post and get back to studying. However, when it came to just about everything else, well no, it was far from the most productive weekend of the term. I tried to work on my UROP, which involves computing statistics about traffic in a section of Singapore. I had been really guilty about not devoting enough time to the project as I would like, and this weekend â€" I had vowed earlier â€" I’d really knuckle down and work on it. But it required MATLAB. And previous data I had already spent time computing. And that was on my computer. So, sorry, Swapnil, it’ll have to wait a bit longer. At the same time, I came to the alarming realization that my first set of graduate applications is due in mid-December. Mid-December! I have plenty of time to work on them, of course, but the three people whom I would like to ask for recommendations? Well, unlike me, they may not be so willing to pull all-nighters to get something in before an application deadline (did that last week for externships). They, as Matt put it, have lives too, and I needed to give them ample time. (Note, for the record, that I absolutely will not be pulling all-nighters to get my college applications in, and neither should you. Im just saying that if I had to, due to unforeseen circumstances, I would.) Two of the three people who I decided to ask recommendations from are overseas and so I needed to ask them via e-mail. There were e-mail addresses, background information, resumes, etc, that I wanted to have access to as I prepared said e-mails. And, guess where those were? Yes, so, I didn’t get around to that until today. I needed to also pay some credit card bills. But, Im not doing that from a public computer, nor am I searching through thousands upon thousands of e-mails in Webmail (can you tell I dont use Gmail?) looking for that esoteric username they assigned me. No, still havent done that yet. Now, now, I know what you’re thinking: (1) Use an Athena computer. Yes, I did, but I had more pressing things than work, silly. (2) This is why you should back things up. Don’t worry; I have learned that lesson by now. My computer crashed suddenly in September of my sophomore year, and I was practically crying all the way to the post office as I mailed off my fallen hard drive â€" and a $250 check â€" to recover the hundreds of photos taken during the second half of my summer that I had foolishly neglected to back up. (Ah, I’ll just get around to it tomorrow, I kept saying.) A year and a half later, earlier this year, when my computer was stolen on an overnight train in Eastern Europe (another long, sad, but easily predictable story), I had at least some solace in the fact that I had backed up everything, especially my precious pictures, just two weeks earlier (and not emptied my camera’s memory card like I had planned). But, there’s something exhausting about trolling through and unzipping all those backup files. Instead, I sought to go the easier route â€" borrowing a power adapter from a fellow Baker resident. I e-mailed out to the dorm mailing list, but, unfortunately, there wasnt a single person that could help out. Perhaps this is just a testament to how many people have Macs (yes, Im willing to admit it now; I sometimes have Mac envy). Or maybe it was a testament to how many plugs HP makes (so many that when they offered to replace one for free a couple years ago, they sent me the wrong one: oh, your computer has an Intel processor, so you needed the 90-watt one; sorry about that!). But, no, its neither; its just a testament to the fact that nobody likes me. So, yes, with no help from fellow Bakerites, I had to suffer the whole weekend without my computer, but with a wonderful â€" albeit not airtight â€" excuse for putting off so much work. But to think my parents had to go decades living like that wow makes me shudder.

Limits To Freedom Of Speech - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1284 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Law Essay Level High school Topics: Freedom of Speech Essay Did you like this example? Literature has always been tricky. At times, people find certain books to be offensive or inappropriate. People will even go to great lengths to challenge or ban books just because of differing opinions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Limits To Freedom Of Speech" essay for you Create order Limiting free speech has been a constant and continuous argument throughout history. One side argues that certain pieces of writing should be banned or censored due to words, content and themes that are either viewed as inappropriate, controversial or contain language that is no longer acceptable. Violence, profanity, racial terms, and sexual content are some examples. The other side strongly believes that the First Amendment should be upheld regardless of the what the content is and how it is presented. Freedom of speech should not be limited. The First Amendment is defined as the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and protest. It is said that freedom of the press is more important than freedom of speech because it can reach a bigger audience therefore making it more dangerous. (The First Amendment, 2:10 2:40 ). When something is written down and out for everyone to see, it can have more power and be more far reaching than the spoken word. However, freedom of speech is not absolute. Some limitations of free speech are, you are not allowed to harm others to get what want, you cant deceive someone or threaten them, you cant misrepresent the truth, and you cant abuse someone. (The Limits of Free Speech, 0:50 1:16) These limits are designed to protect people and set moral boundaries for the overall well-being of humanity. Topics such as, science, religion, morality, and social issues as well as art and even personal gossip (Ms.Griffin) can be talked about freely. It is important to note that typically, par ents challenge materials more often than any other group. (Ms.Griffin) People tend to challenge books that make them feel uncomfortable. Parents can be reactive to sensitive topics, such as sexuality, cursing and violence. At times, a word or part of a book can make a whole group uncomfortable and thats when things get complicated. Some may claim that harsh and cruel subjects should not be covered in books. These subjects can range from racial slurs to sexual content. Books for teenagers have become dark, graphic, and gruesome to an unprecedented degree. (Young Adult Literature) While this statement can ring true, it shouldnt be an excuse to get rid of the books all together. If a teen feels that he or she can handle the content presented in a book, they should be able to read it. As stated in the previous paragraph, parents are the ones who usually feel that particular books should be banned. They may be trying to protect their kids but at the same time they are arguing to remove classics such as Huckleberry Finn and The Outsiders. Such books provide horrible role models for young people and encourage bad behavior. (Young Adult Literature) Arguably, there can be awful people described in books but like it or not, teens make decisions on their own terms. A book is not going to influence their decision t o curse or to have sex. In addition, books directed toward teens that include topics such as sex, drugs and alcohol are describing typical situations in teen life. Getting rid of books that include these subjects, in a way, would deny that teens go through serious challenges. A teenagers life is in no way flawless or cookie cutter perfection. Therefore books shouldnt try to cover up the imperfections. Further insight about this argument is that books should not be limited to describing situations where everything is always joyful. Many of the best works of literature have very serious aspects to them. However, certain people feel that classics should be altered in a way to make them less offensive and cruel. This misguided act would be damaging to the original text. Critics of editing classic books insist that changing an authors original words changes the intent. (Editing The Classics) Undoubtedly, altering one word or phrase could change the whole context of the dialogue. Another good point is that a book should not be removed from a shelf just because of someones opinion.Opponents contend that great works of art should not be changed simply because somebody finds them uncomfortable look at. (Editing The Classics) Consequently, one persons opinion shouldnt affect the majoritys view. If a book truly makes someone uncomfortable, then they can choose not to read it. For example, if a parent feels that a book is too harsh for their child to read, they can decide to not buy the book rather than try to get it banned from everyone. Critics of limiting free speech feel that humans have the intelligence to figure out the real intent of a written work. Critics argue that readers should be smart enough to discern the true meaning of a text by themselves without an editor filtering it for them. We, as people, should be able to see deeper meanings and read between the lines. For instance, its typical for evil and crude characters to curse. The cursing can help give voice to a significant part of their personality. Curse words are also commonly used to portray strong emotions. For this project I read the book Angus Thongs and Full Frontal Snogging. I enjoyed the book and would have never thought it would have been a book that was challenged. I think of the book as a cheesy teen story. Surprisingly, the book was considered scandalous by a parent and consequences followed. Retained with limited access at the Maplewood Middle School Library in Menasha, Wis. (2008). The coming-of-age novel, which has sexual content, was found offensive by a parent. In addition to retaining the book, board members voted unanimously to adopt procedures intended to secure and record parental consent before limited access books are released to students. (Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom) Yet the sexual content within the book is quite mild. Georgia, the main character, makes out with boys like many teens do. She argues with her parents and curses sometimes. Georgia and her friends discuss lesbianism and she even considers it to solve her boy problems. All of these thin gs can occur during a teens life. There is no shame in any of it. Georgias actions are similar to many of my peers. There are two sides to every argument. The topic of freedom of speech inspires disagreements and debates. Those who support censorship cite books that include themes such as violence, sexual content, cursing, racial slurs, age inappropriateness and controversial ideas. Carelessly, certain people believe that because one person/group becomes uncomfortable with a book, it should be booted off shelves. In contrast, others believe that freedom of speech is everyones right, regardless of content. Parents are are usually responsible for the banning of a book. While they believe they are protecting their kids, they are essentially censoring them from the real world. A book can evoke empathy and connections, even allowing a teen to feel like they are sharing the same experience as a character in a book. As a result, they feel like they have someone to relate to. During a time when many young people can feel misunderstood, books can help the feel like they are not alone. Editors shouldnt have to alter books just to please an opinion. It would change the intent of classics completely. If someone is sincerely bothered by a book they should step away and choose not to read it then go on their way. Their opinion should not impact everyone else. All in all, free speech should not be limited. There is no point is censoring books that so importantly reveal society truthfully.

The Inequality Of Black Americans - 923 Words

Face Inequality Realism â€Å"Black people can not be racist, prejudice yes but not racist. Racism describes a system of disadvantage based on race. Black people can not be racist, since we can not stand to benefit from such a system,† (Dear White People). In the United States’ society, the oppression of black Americans is ingrained and rooted in history (â€Å"The Oppression†). With our country of immigrants, blacks were bought here by force and were kept as slaves for one-hundred fifty years (â€Å"The Oppression†). Granting that racism is a problem for many ethnicities, racism against black Americans is considered â€Å"justified† because racist ideologies borrowed from slavery, as well as the century old apartheid system called Jim Crow, which†¦show more content†¦Blacks have worse health, even when economics are controlled (Randall 1). Specifically, middle-class whites are healthier than middle-class blacks (Randall 1). Actually, middl e-class blacks live ten years on average less than middle-class Whites, and poor Blacks live three years less than poor whites (Randall 1). Additionally, racial health disparities are explained by the stress of living in a prejudiced society (Randall 1). Even college degrees can not close the racial gap in the job hunt (Luo 1). In order for the idealistic African American men to have the same employment opportunities as their white peers, one would need two or more higher levels of education (Bessler 1). There is a 97.6 percent employment rate for white male college graduates (Bessler 1). There is a 92.8 percent employment rate for black male college graduates, which relates more intently with the job predictions for white man who have some college education but no degrees, which is 92.8 percent (Bessler 1). This means the steadily larger difference in an African American employment prospects depends on each level of education one achieves (Bessler 1). Even when a black man has a hi gh school diploma, the impact is 50 percent larger than a white man’s (Bessler 1). Fifty percent turns into 146 percent when two men get a professional degree level (Bessler 1). When

Online Shopping in India Free Essays

Online Shopping in India is evolving fast and has the potential to grow exponentially, with the internet penetration growing far and wide. Now a days Indian e-commerce is getting mature. Indians are increasingly seen using the internet to get more information and to shortlist preferences. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Shopping in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it comes to online shopping, Indians are proving that they can surely beat the world. Average middle class Indians are getting more tech-friendly in terms of consumer electronics, changing the way India shops. The customers can easily compare the prices of any product among different vendors . Online shopping stores put the convenience of shopping at our finger tips. The traditional Indian mindset about shopping is conservative. Consumers want to touch and feel the product before buying it, and also make sure that they get the best bargain, the best deal. But with modernization and the ultra fast pace of life today, the scene has changed. The constraint of time is one of the big reasons of the increasing dependencies on Online Shopping . There are many benefits of buying the products on-line. Wide variety of products are available in portals. People don’t need to go to markets or malls in search of better deals. One can find everything here and also individuals can shop at anytime of the day. These portals are open 24 hours and 365 days. A person can save lot of their precious time. Buyers can also get lots of variety and best deals here. They can also compare the product prices and find themselves with a better option. Online Shopping has been revolutionized by the presence of a large number of Online Shopping Store / Portals in India that offer wide variety of products. And it doesn’t stop with variety, today there are online shopping portals that offer discounted rates, free shipping all over India . How to cite Online Shopping in India, Papers

Cloning The New Trend Of The Century free essay sample

Cloning: The New Trend Of The Century? Essay, Research Paper Cloning: The New Trend of the Century? # 8220 ; Any find that touches upon human creative activity is non merely a affair of scientific enquiry, it is a affair of morality and spiritualty every bit good # 8230 ; Each human life is alone, born of a miracle that reaches beyond research lab scientific discipline # 8230 ; # 8221 ; . This was printed on March 10, 1997 in Time Magazine in an article covering with the controversial topic of cloning. Cloning is the production of one or more single workss or animate beings that are genetically indistinguishable to another works or animate being. Two really different processs have been referred to as # 8220 ; cloning # 8221 ; : Embryo cloning and Adult DNA cloning ( # 8221 ; Cloning # 8221 ; ) . Religious and political associations lead the battle against Adult DNA cloning because of the ethical issues involved with this type of engineering. Cloning will impede the development of society into the following millenary. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloning The New Trend Of The Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cloning creates several controversial issues in society. A major issue associated with cloning is the exponential addition in population each twelvemonth. By 2024, the jutting population of 11 billion, triples the universe population today. Scientists already estimate that in 2024 production end product by worlds must treble in order to supply for 11 billion people and this figure does non include the cabal of cloned persons ( Bohart 1 ) . Cloning will increase the population vastly, but this is non the lone issue cloning creates in society. Advancing engineering continues to split society on moral issues. The general populace? s sentiment on cloning began to divide when Kyeonghee University I n Korea successfully cloned a homo on December 14, 1998 ( †Ethical† ) . Many people believe that the benefits of cloning outweigh the negatives. These benefits come in the signifier of medical progresss like, the usage of cloned human embryos in research into genetic sciences and genetically related diseases, and their interventions or bars ( †Ethical† ) . However, go oning research into cloning will merely split society and get down an rackety statement affecting moralss. Most scientists admit that big graduated table cloning depletes familial diverseness. The citizens of the universe may finally stop up looking indistinguishable to each other. Our society thrives on individualism and diverseness. Every individual creates their ain personality based on their civilization and background, extinguishing this of import facet of human life hinders progress in society. Cloning besides affects emotional relationships greatly. For illustration, a kid born from grownup DNA cloning from his male parent would be, in consequence, a delayed twin of one of his parents ( # 8221 ; Cloning # 8221 ; ) . This wholly eliminates fond regard to household and depletes the true sense of a wholesome upbringing. Cloning may be a major technological progress, but it has possible to decelerate the growing of world. The negatives decidedly outweigh the positives on this controversial subject. Too many ethical issues originate due to this engineering such as individualism and diverseness. Moral issues merely represent half of the job. The population growing lifting at an unmanageable rate and a split state represent the other half. All of these issues support the fact that cloning will merely stand in the manner of a universe that keeps bettering.

Panera Bread Company free essay sample

Panera is a specialty cafe anchored by an authentic, fresh dough artisan bakery and upscale quick service menu selections that include sandwiches and soups. Panera Bread primarily in suburban, strip malls, and regional malls locations that has a unique dining environment and serves higher quality products. Panera Bread`s broad use of differentiation strategy has assisted in their growth and profitability. When it comes to strengthening Panera’s competitive position their rivals have found it difficult to compete with their reputation as the nationwide leader in specialty bread segment, dough making capability, dining atmosphere that includes free Wi-Fi, competes successfully in six segments, AM, chill, Lunch, PM chill, dinner and take home, the menu was designed to incorporate the different tastes of each of these meal times. A SWOT analysis will tell or reveal the competitive benefit Panera Bread has and why the reason this company is in an eye-catching situation and what Panera Bread must do reinforce its competitive benefit against competitor`s chains. We will write a custom essay sample on Panera Bread Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method which is used to assess the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats involved identify the aim of the business project or venture and identifying the external and internal factors that are unfavorable and favorable to attaining that objective. STRENGTHS †¢Panera Rewards, building relationships with loyal customers, which improves sales †¢Quality Ingredients, delivering fresh ingredients to all stores is the prime incentive for management. †¢Market Niche, It has pioneer the fast casual dining experience over their competitors speed or drive thru Panera Bread is the nationally leader in the bakery- cafe segment, and has strengths for future expansion and growth without burdening the company`s balance sheet excessively with debt. Attracting customers by using the rewards program which keeps them coming back WEAKNESS †¢A less well-known brand name than some rivals (Starbucks, Applebee`s) †¢They have a very feeble or weak dinner menu. They do not offer any considerable entrees. There are no â€Å"potatoes and meat† dishes on their menu. †¢Sales at franchised stores run a bit higher than those at company-owned stores- why is this occurring? Are franchises better operators? †¢Applebee`s, a direct competitor, has twice or double as many places or locations as Panera. Panera has no presence in several US markets that are fertile ground for many restaurants. Some of these areas include Atlantic City, New York City, Washington DC, and a figure of large markets. Open more outlets, both franchise and company-owned- there is untapped growth potential in a number of suburban markets. †¢Expanding their product line to include current trends such as organic foods, or dietary meals would expand their market as well on where they are focusing at present. †¢Open Panera Bread locations outside the U. S. as market opportunities in the U. S. begin to dry up. THREATS †¢Rivals begin to imitate some of Panera`s menu offerings or dining ambience, thus stymieing to some extent Panera`s ability to clearly differentiate itself from rivals chains. †¢Panera Bread begins to saturate the market with outlets, such that it becomes harder to find attractive locations for new stores and the company`s growth slows. †¢New rivals restaurant chains grab the attention of consumers and draw some patrons away from Panera- in other words, competition from other restaurant chains (either those in the fast-casual segment or other restaurants categories) becomes more intense. The Panera Bread Company possess 4 core competencies. The first is, it has a diverse menu, with lots of variety, constantly experimenting, and high quality food at reasonable prices. Second, it has a strong brand/customer loyalty, best of awards in nearly all markets in 36 states, for example JD Power and Associates satisfaction award for QSR in the Midwest and Northeast. The third is having a strong relationship with existing franchise partners, such as in: ? Employee training and certifications ?Assistance with site selection and marketing ?High satisfaction with concept and support Last core competency is the ability to identify where to locate new stores to serve urban and suburban populations, and by using proprietary software built to analyze data on attractiveness of new locations. An example, the company`s fresh-dough-making capability for fresh baked and quality goods served in a comfortable environment. Panera`s competitors include restaurants in the fast-casual restaurant market such as Applebee`s, Baja fresh and Fuddruckers. Panera Bread also has to compete with common fast food restaurants such as McDonald`s and Wendy. Although, competition is fierce in these markets, Panera has been able to differentiate itself from other competitors. It could be advisable if Panera Bread Company should start to sell fast food and see how it goes. Even to open many branches around the states mostly the busy Cities.

Communication in the Childs Development Essay

Communication in the Childs Development Essay Communicative Factor in the Child’s Development Psychology Essay Communicative Factor in the Child’s Development Psychology Essay Currently, attention of many psychologists in the world is drawn to the problems of early childhood. This interest is not accidental since the first years of human life are the period of the most intense moral development that lays the foundation for physical, mental, and moral health. An unborn child is an evolving human being. Conditions of the child’s development largely determine his/her future. Influence of mother relationship with the unborn child is extremely important for its development. Nowadays, development of the media has greatly reduced the dialogue with each other in many families. However, even the best children’s programs cannot replace parents’ communication with their children. The child’s learning occurs not by passive acceptance, but as an active form of communication with adults. Therefore, reading, talking, and singing to a baby promote the child’s development. Benefits of Reading, Talking, and Singing to a Baby The mastery of speech as a means of communication goes through several stages during the first years of life. The first stage is the preverbal one. A child does not understand the speech of adults and cannot speak at this stage, but it gradually provides conditions for the language acquisition in the future. The second stage is speech emergence, namely transition from the complete absence of speech to its appearance (Buckley 25). A child begins to understand simple sentences of adults and say the first words. The third stage covers all subsequent time, up to the age of seven when a child masters speech and uses it in an increasingly sophisticated and varied way to communicate with surrounding adults. It is the stage of verbal communication development (Buckley 27). Analysis of the behavior of young children shows that nothing in their life and behavior necessitates the used speech (Robinson 31). A child starts to acquire speech only because of the presence of an adult who constantly refers to a child with verbal statements and requires an adequate response to them (Robinson 32). Hence, a special kind of communication problem to understand speech and say a verbal response occurs only in communicating with adults. Therefore, the communicative factor is a decisive condition for the emergence and development of speech in children. The communicative factor affects language development in children and its interpersonal functions at all three stages of development (in the preverbal period, at the time of occurrence, and in the process of its development in the future) (Keenan and Evans 20). Apparently, this effect is not manifested equally at each stage. This is because the very communicative factor in children varies in different periods of child’s development. It undergoes the most serious changes during the pregnancy of an expectant mother and the first months after birth. The Role of Sound during Pregnancy and First Months after Birth for a Child Researchers of the intrauterine growth allocate the following sequence of sensory and motor functions development of the fetus. Capacity for the tactile sensitivity and the first movements of the fetus are observed in the seventh week of pregnancy. The vestibular system is already formed in the sixteenth week of pregnancy. The first facial movements occur in the same week. Regular respiratory movements are formed in the seventeenth week of pregnancy. The twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth weeks develop the ability to scream and the ability to listen accordingly. The ability to experience taste, see, feel pressure, pain, and temperature sensitivity is formed around the same time (Levine and Munsch 16-17). Thus, the basis of the motor and sensory activity is laid in the first half of pregnancy. Modern psychoanalytically-oriented psychology has lots of evidence relating to affective experiences of the fetus in the womb. The fact that the perception of sounds and the human voice is possible well before birth is confirmed by the studies of mental development in preterm infants (Keenan and Evans 11). There is evidence that a child will have a much better musical and linguistic abilities if the mother listens to music during pregnancy (Keenan and Evans 14). American psychoanalyst Patricia Bauer believes that the structure of the self appears primarily as a sound shell and a kind of â€Å"acoustic skin† (Bauer 71). The child’s development occurs in a font of sounds that accompany the process of feeding and come from both the outside world and a child. These sounds are a prerequisite for the development of the child’s inner self (Bauer 74). Even before reaching the age of one month, there is the ability to understand the value of acoustic interventions. Response to sound signals is observed in the baby much earlier than visual and psychomotor reactions. Apparently, the acoustic response can be viewed as a prototype of early differentiated learning (Hupp and Jewell 61). While the process of feeding and infant isolation is perceived only as a one-way process, the perception of sound allows the baby to go through the space around him/her, allowing to interact with the world. In addition, the child’s perception of sounds creates the first space-acoustic image of his/her own body. Finally, the perception of sounds becomes the child’s special relationship with the outside world by the type of real symbiosis with the mother (Keenan and Evans 29-30). It would be impossible for a child to follow an imaginative fusion at the level of imagination and fantasy without such symbiotic acoustic communication. Communication with a Child via Reading, Talking, and Singing It is now established that the formation of neural structures of the brain can be controlled by changing duration and concentration of the information flow (Smidt 48). It is very important for an expectant mother to get positive information from the contact with nature, music, painting, and so on. For example, there is a kind of ritual in the tradition of the Indian people: a woman receives gifts and favors from their relatives and friends every week of pregnancy. According to researchers, hearing organs of a child are formed by the twenty-fourth week of the fetal development (Levine and Munsch 17). On the seventh month, a child perceives not only the mother’s heartbeat, but also the sounds of the outside world (Levine and Munsch 18). Quiet mother’s heartbeat is the best music for a child. As a proof, there was an experiment in the newborn ward. The scientists turned on the sounds of anxious and calm heartbeat alternately. They found that children woke up and cried in the first case, but continued to sleep with the sounds of a calmly beating heart (Levine and Munsch 21). This fact means that a child reacts differently to the state and behavior of his/her mother. Therefore, she should be less angry, irritated, and frustrated. The duty of all people surrounding an expectant mother is to help keep her in a good mood and protect her from any kind of stress. A baby hears not only the mother’s heartbeat, but also her voice, the father’s voice, and the sound of music. Parents should communicate with a baby, tell him/her tender words, sing songs, and play melodious music. As established by years of research, a child responds the best to classical music, lullabies, and nature sounds since all of these cause positive emotions in a future mother (Socha and Stamp 33). Many beautiful odes have been sung in honor of the human voice. The mother’s voice is not just a beautiful voice. This is the main tool of prenatal education and further socialization of a child in early childhood. A child enters the world of human culture via the mother’s voice, perceiving primary vibrations that form the underlying personality structure. According to the studies, gentle vibrations of the mother’s voice are a kind of spiritual and musical homeopathy, which is able to form the child’s soul (Socha and Stamp 36). Since the prenatal period, every sound uttered by a future mother influences development of a child and literally sculpts the body and the mind. During pregnancy, singing and speech of an expectant mother change the respiratory rate, which determines the redox processes in the body of the fetus (Smidt 48). At the same time, diaphragm puts a mild pressure and makes an involuntary internal massage. Singing of a mother changes not only the blood flow in her blood vessels, but also the child’s blood circulation, activating his/her motor activity. Prenatal fetal movement patterns are formed as a result (Smidt 51). It should be emphasized that the emotional experience of singing and listening to music by a future mother has a hormonal effect on the fetus. Vibrations of the mother’s voice are transmitted through various mediums in the woman’s body. Experts have established a positive psycho-correctional impact of the mother’s voice on the mental health of people who have suffered from severe stress situations (Socha and Stamp 42). It should be noted that the record was held via the aquatic environment that simulated amniotic fluid. The perception of resonating and the vibration of the spinal column expand the low frequency spectrum. Moreover, a child receives a certain amount of information from his/her mother via singing and speech. That is why it is very useful for a future mother to comment on her daily activities and explain them through verbalizing. Tactile sensations of the child are also of great importance. A touch on the stomach in the prenatal period, as well as stroking and further interaction with the infant during hygiene procedures, bathing, dressing, feeding, games, and entertainment are equally important during the child’s growth. The intonation of mother’s voice has a deeper impact on the fetus or a child than any external sounds, including classical music (Smidt 63). Today, scientists attribute a special role to hearing in human body. They argue that hearing controls the overall maturation of the brain before the birth and largely determines development of those parts of it that are responsible for the world of senses, intelligence, and movement (Smidt 67; Bauer 84). Therefore, communication with a baby aloud, reading fairy tales and poetry, and singing lullabies before birth are not a new-fangled nonsense for future moms and dads, but an urgent need for the developing baby and return to traditions that have existed for thousands of years in any of the ancient cultures. It has been considered for long that sounds reach the baby through the abdominal wall. In fact, only the loudest ones are capable of overcoming this barrier. Today, it is known that entire human skeletal system is a complex and perfect sound conductor created by the very nature (Keenan and Evans 126). Thus, there is no need for a future mother to raise her voice in order to let the baby hear her. Actually, it is the other way around because the sound that is gentle and pleasant to the ear of the expectant mother is also pleasing to the ear of her baby. Accordingly, sounds, which are too loud and harsh for the mother, are unpleasant and repulsive for the baby. It should be remembered that people could adapt quite easily to loud sounds, while the baby is defenseless (Keenan and Evans 128). Obviously, the sound environment of a baby before birth depends largely on future parents. The sound can have both devastating and harmonizing effects. For example, a four-month fetus has a rapid heartbeat under the influence of loud sounds; he/she starts to behave restlessly. Sometimes, the baby can respond with a foot pushing (Robinson 49). Often, pregnant women say that they had to leave some musical event because of intolerable leg blows in the abdominal wall. The bass sound that is pronounced in modern pop music and especially rock music resonates at the base of the spinal column of the future mother and causes strong vibrations that reach the baby directly. It is also known that modern popular music with fast, loud, and syncopated rhythms adversely affects the rhythm of heartbeats. As a result, the heart cannot maintain its perfect rhythm. A baby perceives such a sharp change in the mother’s usual rhythms of the body as a threat and begins to worry, adversely affecting t he whole body (Keenan and Evans 134). Babies love to listen to classical music and researchers have particularly noted the beneficial influence of music from the Baroque period and classicism, which is close to the human heart rate at rest (Robinson 54). Famous composers of the Baroque period like Bach, Vivaldi, Boccherini, Telemann, or Handel and of the Classical period like Mozart and Haydn are perfect for this purpose (Robinson 56). The most beneficial effect of slow parts of symphonies and concerts that sound in adagio, andante, or largo tempo have the most beneficial effect. Of course, classical music does not fit into the bustle of the modern pace of life, but it is able to touch something much deeper in the soul since it is very beneficial for the baby of the waiting period when susceptibility and sensitivity of the future mother increase due to hormonal changes. It is very important for a future mother to like music that she listens to during pregnancy. After all, an expectant mother is an intermediary between the baby and the outside world and, then, the baby accepts her attitude and mood. Music, causing a state of harmony, charm, beauty, and peace, will transmit the same sentiments and the same values to the baby. Of course, an expectant mother can pick up such a calm and light music in the genre she likes. However, there is music that has no competition and affects a baby in the most beneficial way. It is singing of lullabies. The tradition to sing a calm song before the birth of the baby and after it has been known since ancient times. The baby hears the voice of the mother before birth. Besides, it is able to distinguish it among all other voices immediately after birth. Singing voice, when to compare to a talking one, contains a much wider range of frequencies and carries all the sensations and stimuli, which are very beneficial for the development of the baby. Thus, singing during pregnancy improves health of a mother and her baby and is a universal way to transform negative conditions. Social environment is an external condition and a true source of a child’s development since it contains all of the material and spiritual values that every single individual should possess in his/her development process. Reading, talking, and singing to a baby contributes to the child’s development process. Development of communication, as well as complexity and enrichment of its forms open all the new features of the surrounding environment to a child. This fact is of paramount importance for the progress of child’s mental development.

Marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Coursework Example Typically at this point you would have to order the tendering documents and have them filled out (This section may require the supply of samples and/or references). Moreover one would have to demonstrate that you would be able to securely and consistently supply the good/service and demonstrate the cost that you would charge. After the documents are submitted then the tender gets reviewed and should your bid be deemed as the best overall value to the government buyer then you would be awarded the contract. Give your opinion on whether the process seems worth the effort. The process would absolutely be worth my effort if the actual tender would be of any substantial value. If for example I was a supplier of high visibility clothing for municipal departments and the state highway commission was looking to procure garments for every state highway worker then the overall value of the contract (If I were to be awarded it) could be huge. However if a government contract would only be for a few protective garments and I would have to spend dozens of hours on the tender then the value of the contract may not be worth my time.

Intellectual and Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Intellectual and Property Law - Essay Example In USA, the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) was enacted some twenty-five years back. (Dreyfuss et al 2011:113). Now, trade secrets can be justified as a guise not of customary property but of intellectual property. The incentive by way of IP protection to trade secrets is justifiable, mainly to offer a boost for new inventions. Offering legal protection for those new inventions not only promotes their creation, but also facilitates an inventor to cash his inventions by selling his new ideas to others. Through patent law, trade secrecy can be safeguarded as it is not only quicker but also cheaper to obtain patent over such business secrets as it extends safeguard to various varieties of business and manufacturing process information. Sometimes, court considers trade secret law as a common law tort instead of perusing the same under IP rights. Protection of trade secrets through IP promote pre-emption of â€Å" unjust enrichment â€Å" philosophies and other common law remedies that courts are enticed to offer the private parties legal control over information that is available in the public domain. In case of commercial scenarios, the cases of the breach of confidence most recurrently happen. It is to be noted that there exists a difference between a trade secret and just commercial â€Å"know-how.† It has been observed that mere know-how is not safeguarded under the law and to be safeguarded, it should be in the guise of a trade secret. Majority of the commercial know-how is no doubt having great value and hence, it is essential to keep it away from public dissemination. For instance, a chemical formula for a specific ingredient (for instance coca-cola) should be preserved under lock and key, which is known as the trade secret. Trade secret connotes information, including but not restricted to a pattern, formula, method, compilation, technique, programme or information or process embodied or contained in a product mechanism or devise which: may or is may be employed in a business or trade; b) is not normally recognised in that business or trade; c) has some economic value from not being generally be disclosed; d) Is adequate initiatives have been taken to maintain the secrecy under the scenario. (Sumpter 2006:100). Illustration of confidential information: Plans and Designs as held in Saltman v Campbell Swizzle sticks embellished with a cruise ship name where they are being widely used as held in Ackroyds (London ) Ltd v Islington Plastics Ltd1 A manufacturing process for establishing a confectionary as held in AB Consolidated v Europe Strength Food. Exhaustive information about assets, supplies, budgets, strategic planning and clients stored in computer files as held in Ravensdown Corp Ltd v Groves 2 Concepts and ideas gathered during negotiations in commercial opportunities as held in Pacifica Shipping Co Ltd v Andersen3 Disclosures made about the patented invention during the course of business negotiations as held in Seager v Copydex. Details stored about the requirements of clients and list of customers as held in Target Recruitment Services Ltd v Lewin4 Details of general information about the company which contains details about the products dealt with , chemical formulae , prices to be quoted in the tenders , budget forecasts and market information as held in AM Satterthwaite & Co Ltd v Gay 5 The genetic components of plant budwood that was stolen as held in Franklin v Giddins. If a new plant variety for which litigation is made is kept as secret or

Techniques to Generate Sustainable Fuels and Biofuels

Techniques to Generate Sustainable Fuels and Biofuels SUSTAINABLE FUELS LIKE BIOFUELS Vishal Kaatal[1] University of Toronto Institute of Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario I have studied different ways to generate Sustainable fuels like Biofuels. My focus is whether Biofuels can help the future of Aviation industry as a fuel source of energy, is it easy to produce in environmental without damaging it. What are the ways of generating Biofuels. Whether any country is focusing to produce Biofuels in abundant quantity and difficulties faced by them. Following selected papers have been selected to start my work but will not be limited to find various answers throughout the project and can be added when required. [1]In recent years, it has been seen drastic change in Climate, Natural resources got reduced, and fossil fuels are in the situation of extinction in near future which triggered scientist and researchers to find an alternative source of energy. They came up with an idea of Biofuel which is generated from the waste of trees, sewage, grass, etc. popularly known by Biomass. Biomass is available in abundant quantity in the world as well as cheaper in cost. In this paper, it shows how to produce Biofuel from Biomass for safer world. [2]This paper talks about the development of aviation biofuels. Aviation biofuel has been tested in various test flights which shows positive result but will take time for commercialized. The constrains which were discussed in interviews with leading global aviation biofuel stakeholders between October and December 2011 are costly production, feedstocks limitation and lack of policy for aviation biofuel throughout the world having rules and regulation at different countries. Paper discussed how to apply these problems for future development of global market for aviation biofuel. [3]This paper talks about Biofuels as a transport alternative fuel in Australia because it the 2nd largest about 24% of total energy consumption.ÂÂ   This large amount of energy demand can be meet with biofuels. It shows different biofuels sources available in Australia which can be produced and used by thinking of future projects.ÂÂ   In future, how to develop biofuel supply chain from different generations of biofuel. [4]This paper deals with the implementation of Biofuels in India as a substitute of fossil fuels and target to use biodiesel and bioethanol for the substitution of 20% fossil fuels by 2017. Also, it shows implications for land use, food production in India. [5]It talks about the use of many algae species to produce biofuels. It also talks about the issue of sustainability of commercial-scale microalgae to produce biofuels with the requirement of environmental conditions. [6]This paper talks about the advantage of algae over first and second generation biomass feedstocks to produce biofuels. It shows the scope and possibilities of Algal biorefineries and how the future of biofuels will be developed using algae. [7]In various ways algae is used to produce Biofuels but did anyone wonder whether the production is possible to meet our requirement. In this paper, the author talks about the limitations to commercialization of algae fuels should be learned and addressed for future commercialization. [8]It is notable that when another source of energy like solar, wind and biofuels usage increases concerns over environmental issues mostly in land use which effects on wildlife. In this paper, it talks about the several uncertainties and limitations to establishing energy production at airports, how to overcome these challenges. [9]In current situation, microalgae used for energy production seem not to be economically feasible. When microalgae cultivated under stress condition produces high-value compounds along with lipids or carbohydrates has been discussed here. [10]The extraction of oil consists of various steps which require energy, the cost of biodiesel from microalgae cost more compared to plant oil. Here sustainable approach for utilization as well as emerging cost effective methods has been discussed. References [1] S. Chakraborty, V. Aggarwal, D. Mukherjee and K. Andras, Biomass to biofuel: a review on production technology, ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. S254-S262, 2012. [2] P. K. Gegg, L. C. Budd and S. G. Ison, The market development of avaition biofuel: drivers and constraints, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol. 39, pp. 34-40, 2014. [3] A. K. Azad, M. Rasul, M. Khan, S. C. Sharma and M. Hazrat, Prospect of biofuel as an alternative transport fuel in Australia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 43, pp. 331-351, March 2015. [4] N. Ravindranath, C. S. Lakshmi, R. Manuvie and P. Balachandra, Biofuel production and implications for land use, food production and environmnet in India, Energy Policy, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 5737-5745, October 2011. [5] M. A. Borowitzka and N. R. Moheimani, Sustainable biofuels from algae, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 13-25, January 2013. [6] J. Singh and S. Gu, Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2596-2610, 2010. [7] Y. Chisti, Constraints to commercialization of algal fuels, Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 201-214, September 2013. [8] T. L. DeVault, J. L. Belant, B. F. Blackwell, J. A. Martin, J. A. Schmidt, L. W. Burger Jr and J. W. Patterson Jr, Airports offer Unrealized Potential for Alternative Energy Production, Environmental Management, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 517-522, March 2012. [9] G. Markou and E. Nerantzis, Microalgae for high-value compounds and biofuels production: A review with focus on cultivation under stress conditions, Biotechnology Advances, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1532-1542, December 2013. [10] B. Singh, A. Guldhe, I. Rawat and F. Bux, Towards a sustainable approach for development of biodiesel from plant and microalgae, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 216-245, January 2014.

African American Culture Essay

African American culture in the United States includes the various cultural traditions of African ethnic groups. It is both part of and distinct from American culture. The U. S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as â€Å"people having origins in any of the Black race groups of Africa. â€Å"[1] African American culture is indigenous to the descendants in the U. S. of survivors of the Middle Passage. It is rooted in Africa and is an amalgam of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of Africans in America to practice their cultural traditions, many practices, values and beliefs survived and over time have incorporated elements of European American culture. There are even certain facets of African American culture that were brought into being or made more prominent as a result of slavery; an example of this is how drumming became used as a means of communication and establishing a community identity during that time. The result is a dynamic, creative culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on mainstream American culture and on world culture as well. After Emancipation, these uniquely African American traditions continued to grow. They developed into distinctive traditions in music, art, literature, religion, food, holidays, amongst others. While for some time sociologists, such as Gunnar Myrdal and Patrick Moynihan, believed that African Americans had lost most cultural ties with Africa, anthropological field research by Melville Hersovits and others demonstrated that there is a continuum of African traditions among Africans in the New World from the West Indies to the United States. The greatest influence of African cultural practices on European cultures is found below the Mason-Dixon in the southeastern United States, especially in the Carolinas among the Gullah people and in Louisiana. African American culture often developed separately from mainstream American culture because of African Americans’ desire to practice their own traditions, as well as the persistence of racial segregation in America. Consequently African American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct culture apart from it. History From the earliest days of slavery, slave owners sought to exercise control over their slaves by attempting to strip them of their African culture. The physical isolation and societal marginalization of African slaves and, later, of their free progeny, however, actually facilitated the retention of significant elements of traditional culture among Africans in the New World generally, and in the U. S. in particular. Slave owners deliberately tried to repress political organization in order to deal with the many slave rebellions that took place in the southern United States, Brazil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas. African cultures,slavery,slave rebellions,and the civil rights movements(circa 1800s-160s)have shaped African American religious, familial, political and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is evident in myriad ways, in politics, economics, language, music, hairstyles, fashion, dance, religion and worldview, and food preparation methods. In the United States, the very legislation that was designed to strip slaves of culture and deny them education served in many ways to strengthen it. In turn, African American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on myriad elements of mainstream American culture, among them language, music, dance, religion, cuisine, and agriculture. This process of mutual creative exchange is called creolization. Over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact on not only the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. Oral tradition Slaveholders limited or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they believed it might lead to revolts or escape plans. Hence, African-based oral traditions became the primary means of preserving history, morals, and other cultural information among the people. This was consistent with the griot practices of oral history in many African and other cultures that did not rely on the written word. Many of these cultural elements have been passed from generation to generation through storytelling. The folktales provided African Americans the opportunity to inspire and educate one another. Examples of African American folktales include trickster tales of Br’er Rabbit and heroic tales such as that of John Henry. The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris helped to bring African American folk tales into mainstream adoption. Harris did not appreciate the complexity of the stories nor their potential for a lasting impact on society. Characteristics of the African American oral tradition present themselves in a number of forms. African American preachers tend to perform rather than simply speak. The emotion of the subject is carried through the speaker’s tone, volume, and movement, which tend to mirror the rising action, climax, and descending action of the sermon. Often song, dance, verse and structured pauses are placed throughout the sermon. Techniques such as call-and-response are used to bring the audience into the presentation. In direct contrast to recent tradition in other American and Western cultures, it is an acceptable and common audience reaction to interrupt and affirm the speaker. Spoken word is another example of how the African American oral tradition influences modern American popular culture. Spoken word artists employ the same techniques as African American preachers including movement, rhythm, and audience participation. Rap music from the 1980’s and beyond has been seen as an extension of oral culture. Harlem Renaissance [pic] Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary figure during the Harlem Renaissance. Main article: Harlem Renaissance The first major public recognition of African American culture occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. In the 1920s and 1930s, African American music, literature, and art gained wide notice. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote works describing the African American experience. Jazz, swing, blues and other musical forms entered American popular music. African American artists such as William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden created unique works of art featuring African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was also a time of increased political involvement for African Americans. Among the notable African American political movements founded in the early 20th century are the United Negro Improvement Association and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Nation of Islam, a notable Islamic religious movement, also began in the early 1930s. African American cultural movement The Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s followed in the wake of the non-violent American Civil Rights Movement. The movement promoted racial pride and ethnic cohesion in contrast to the focus on integration of the Civil Rights Movement, and adopted a more militant posture in the face of racism. It also inspired a new renaissance in African American literary and artistic expression generally referred to as the African American or â€Å"Black Arts Movement. † The works of popular recording artists such as Nina Simone (Young, Gifted and Black) and The Impressions (Keep On Pushin’), as well as the poetry, fine arts and literature of the time, shaped and reflected the growing racial and political consciousness. Among the most prominent writers of the African American Arts Movement were poet Nikki Giovanni; poet and publisher Don L. Lee, who later became known as Haki Madhubuti; poet and playwright Leroi Jones, later known as Amiri Baraka; and Sonia Sanchez. Other influential writers were Ed Bullins, Dudley Randall, Mari Evans, June Jordan, Larry Neal and Ahmos Zu-Bolton. Another major aspect of the African American Arts Movement was the infusion of the African aesthetic, a return to a collective cultural sensibility and ethnic pride that was much in evidence during the Harlem Renaissance and in the celebration of Negritude among the artistic and literary circles in the U. S. , Caribbean and the African continent nearly four decades earlier: the idea that â€Å"black is beautiful. † During this time, there was a resurgence of interest in, and an embrace of, elements of African culture within African American culture that had been suppressed or devalued to conform to Eurocentric America. Natural hairstyles, such as the afro, and African clothing, such as the dashiki, gained popularity. More importantly, the African American aesthetic encouraged personal pride and political awareness among African Americans. Music [pic] Men playing the djembe, a traditional West African drum adopted into African American and American culture. The bags and the clothing of the man on the right are printed with traditional kente cloth patterns. African American music is rooted in the typically polyrhythmic music of the ethnic groups of Africa, specifically those in the Western, Sahelean, and Sub-Saharan regions. African oral traditions, nurtured in slavery, encouraged the use of music to pass on history, teach lessons, ease suffering, and relay messages. The African pedigree of African American music is evident in some common elements: call and response, syncopation, percussion, improvisation, swung notes, blue notes, the use of falsetto, melisma, and complex multi-part harmony. During slavery, Africans in America blended traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals. Many African Americans sing Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing in addition to the American national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, or in lieu of it. Written by James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900 to be performed for the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be, a popular way for African Americans to recall past struggles and express ethnic solidarity, faith and hope for the future. The song was adopted as the â€Å"Negro National Anthem† by the NAACP in 1919. African American children are taught the song at school, church or by their families. Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing traditionally is sung immediately following, or instead of, The Star-Spangled Banner at events hosted by African American churches, schools, and other organizations. In the 1800s, as the result of the blackface minstrel show, African American music entered mainstream American society. By the early twentieth century, several musical forms with origins in the African American community had transformed American popular music. Aided by the technological innovations of radio and phonograph records, ragtime, jazz, blues, and swing also became popular overseas, and the 1920s became known as the Jazz Age. The early 20th century also saw the creation of the first African American Broadway shows, films such as King Vidor’s Hallelujah!, and operas such as George Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess. Rock and roll, doo wop, soul, and R&B developed in the mid 20th century. These genres became very popular in white audiences and were influences for other genres such as surf. The dozens, an urban African American tradition of using rhyming slang to put down your enemies (or friends) developed through the smart-ass street jive of the early Seventies into a new form of music. In the South Bronx, the half speaking, half singing rhythmic street talk of ‘rapping’ grew into the hugely successful cultural force known as Hip Hop. Hip Hop would become a multicultural movement. However, it is still important to many African Americans. The African American Cultural Movement of the 1960s and 1970s also fueled the growth of funk and later hip-hop forms such as rap, hip house, new jack swing and go go. African American music has experienced far more widespread acceptance in American popular music in the 21st century than ever before. In addition to continuing to develop newer musical forms, modern artists have also started a rebirth of older genres in the form of genres such as neo soul and modern funk-inspired groups. Dance [pic] The Cakewalk was the first African American dance to gain widespread popularity in the United States. [pic] African American dance, like other aspects of African American culture, finds its earliest roots in the dances of the hundreds of African ethnic groups that made up African slaves in the Americas as well as influences from European sources in the United States. Dance in the African tradition, and thus in the tradition of slaves, was a part of both every day life and special occasions. Many of these traditions such as get down, ring shouts, and other elements of African body language survive as elements of modern dance. In the 1800s, African American dance began to appear in minstrel shows. These shows often presented African Americans as caricatures for ridicule to large audiences. The first African American dance to become popular with White dancers was the cakewalk in 1891. Later dances to follow in this tradition include the Charleston, the Lindy Hop, and the Jitterbug. During the Harlem Renaissance, all African American Broadway shows such as Shuffle Along helped to establish and legitimize African American dancers. African American dance forms such as tap, a combination of African and European influences, gained widespread popularity thanks to dancers such as Bill Robinson and were used by leading White choreographers who often hired African American dancers. Contemporary African American dance is descended from these earlier forms and also draws influence from African and Caribbean dance forms. Groups such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater have continued to contribute to the growth of this form. Modern popular dance in America is also greatly influenced by African American dance. American popular dance has also drawn many influences from African American dance most notably in the hip hop genre. Art [pic] Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859-1937 From its early origins in slave communities, through the end of the twentieth century, African-American art has made a vital contribution to the art of the United States. During the period between the 1600s and the early 1800s, art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures and ceramic vessels in the southern United States. These artifacts have similarities with comparable crafts in West and Central Africa. In contrast, African American artisans like the New England–based engraver Scipio Moorhead and the Baltimore portrait painter Joshua Johnson created art that was conceived in a thoroughly western European fashion. During the 1800s, Harriet Powers made quilts in rural Georgia, United States that are now considered among the finest examples of nineteenth-century Southern quilting. Later in the 20th century, the women of Gee’s Bend developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional African American quilts with a geometric simplicity that developed separately but was like that of Amish quilts and modern art. After the American Civil War, museums and galleries began more frequently to display the work of African American artists. Cultural expression in mainstream venues was still limited by the dominant European aesthetic and by racial prejudice. To increase the visibility of their work, many African American artists traveled to Europe where they had greater freedom. It was not until the Harlem Renaissance that more whites began to pay attention to African American art in America. [pic] Kara Walker, Cut, Cut paper and adhesive on wall, Brent Sikkema NYC. During the 1920s, artists such as Raymond Barthe, Aaron Douglas, Augusta Savage, and photographer James Van Der Zee became well known for their work. During the Great Depression, new opportunities arose for these and other African American artists under the WPA. In later years, other programs and institutions, such as the New York City-based Harmon Foundation, helped to foster African American artistic talent. Augusta Savage, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence and others exhibited in museums and juried art shows, and built reputations and followings for themselves. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were very few widely accepted African American artists. Despite this, The Highwaymen, a loose association of 27 African American artists from Ft. Pierce, Florida, created idyllic, quickly realized images of the Florida landscape and peddled some 50,000 of them from the trunks of their cars. They sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents, thus receiving the name â€Å"The Highwaymen†. Rediscovered in the mid-1990s, today they are recognized as an important part of American folk history. Their artwork is widely collected by enthusiasts and original pieces can easily fetch thousands of dollars in auctions and sales. The Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was another period of resurgent interest in African American art. During this period, several African-American artists gained national prominence, among them Lou Stovall, Ed Love, Charles White, and Jeff Donaldson. Donaldson and a group of African-American artists formed the Afrocentric collective AFRICOBRA, which remains in existence today. The sculptor Martin Puryear, whose work has been acclaimed for years, is being honored with a 30-year retrospective of his work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York starting November 2007. Notable contemporary African American artists include David Hammons, Eugene J. Martin, Charles Tolliver, and Kara Walker. Literature [pic] Langston Hughes, a notable African American poet of the Harlem Renaissance. African American literature has its roots in the oral traditions of African slaves in America. The slaves used stories and fables in much the same way as they used music. These stories influenced the earliest African American writers and poets in the 18thcentury such as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano. These authors reached early high points by telling slave narratives. During the early 20th century Harlem Renaissance, numerous authors and poets, such as Langston Hughes, W. E. B. Dubois, and Booker T. Washington, grappled with how to respond to discrimination in America. Authors during the Civil Rights era, such as Richard Wright, James Baldwin and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial segregation, oppression and other aspects of African American life. This tradition continues today with authors who have been accepted as an integral part of American literature, with works such as Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, and Beloved by Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, and series by Octavia Butler and Walter Mosley that have achieved both best-selling and/or award-winning status. Museums The African American Museum Movement emerged during the 1950s and 1960s to preserve the heritage of the African American experience and to ensure its proper interpretation in American history. Museums devoted to African American history are found in many African American neighborhoods. Institutions such as the African American Museum and Library at Oakland and The African American Museum in Cleveland were created by African Americans to teach and investigate cultural history that, until recent decades was primarily preserved trough oral traditions. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English. This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Haiti,and Gullah, common to the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language closely associated with the speech of but not exclusive to African Americans. While AAVE is academically considered a legitimate dialect because of its logical structure, some of both Caucasians and African Americans consider it slang or the result of a poor command of Standard American English. Inner city African American children who are isolated by speaking only AAVE have more difficulty with standardized testing and, after school, moving to the mainstream world for work. It is common for many speakers of AAVE to code switch between AAVE and Standard American English depending on the setting. Fashion and aesthetics [pic]. A man weaving kente cloth in Ghana. Attire The cultural explosion of the 1960s saw the incorporation of surviving cultural dress with elements from modern fashion and West African traditional clothing to create a uniquely African American traditional style. Kente cloth is the best known African textile. These festive woven patterns, which exist in numerous varieties, were originally made by the Ashanti and Ewe peoples of Ghana and Togo. Kente fabric also appears in a number of Western style fashions ranging from casual t-shirts to formal bow ties and cummerbunds. Kente strips are often sewn into liturgical and academic robes or worn as stoles. Since the Black Arts Movement, traditional African clothing has been popular amongst African Americans for both formal and informal occasions. Another common aspect of fashion in African American culture involves the appropriate dress for worship in the Black church. It is expected in most churches that an individual should present their best appearance for worship. African American women in particular are known for wearing vibrant dresses and suits. An interpretation of a passage from the Christian Bible, â€Å"†¦every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head†¦ â€Å", has led to the tradition of wearing elaborate Sunday hats, sometimes known as â€Å"crowns. † Hair Hair styling in African American culture is greatly varied. African American hair is typically composed of tightly coiled curls. The predominant styles for women involve the straightening of the hair through the application of heat or chemical processes. These treatments form the base for the most commonly socially acceptable hairstyles in the United States. Alternatively, the predominant and most socially acceptable practice for men is to leave one’s hair natural. Often, as men age and begin to lose their hair, the hair is either closely cropped, or the head is shaved completely free of hair. However, since the 1960s, natural hairstyles, such as the afro, braids, and dreadlocks, have been growing in popularity. Although the association with radical political movements and their vast difference from mainstream Western hairstyles, the styles have not yet attained widespread social acceptance. Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African American men than in other male populations in the U. S. In fact, the soul patch is so named because African American men, particularly jazz musicians, popularized the style. The preference for facial hair among African American men is due partly to personal taste, but because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, commonly referred to as razor bumps, many prefer not to shave. Body image The European aesthetic and attendant mainstream concepts of beauty are often at odds with the African body form. Because of this, African American women often find themselves under pressure to conform to European standards of beauty. Still, there are individuals and groups who are working towards raising the standing of the African aesthetic among African Americans and internationally as well. This includes efforts toward promoting as models those with clearly defined African features; the mainstreaming of natural hairstyles; and, in women, fuller, more voluptuous body types. Religion While African Americans practice a number of religions, Protestant Christianity is by far the most popular. Additionally, 14% of Muslims in the United States and Canada are African American. Christianity [pic] A river baptism in New Bern, North Carolina near the turn of the 20th century. The religious institutions of African American Christians commonly are referred tocollectively as the black church. During slavery, many slaves were stripped of their African belief systems and typically denied free religious practice. Slaves managed, however, to hang on to some practices by integrating them into Christian worship in secret meetings. These practices, including dance, shouts, African rhythms, and enthusiastic singing, remain a large part of worship in the African American church. African American churches taught that all people were equal in God’s eyes and viewed the doctrine of obedience to one’s master taught in white churches as hypocritical. Instead the African American church focused on the message of equality and hopes for a better future. Before and after emancipation, racial segregation in America prompted the development of organized African American denominations. The first of these was the AME Church founded by Richard Allen in 1787. An African American church is not necessarily a separate denomination. Several predominantly African American churches exist as members of predominantly white denominations. African American churches have served to provide African American people with leadership positions and opportunities to organize that were denied in mainstream American society. Because of this, African American pastors became the bridge between the African American and European American communities and thus played a crucial role in the American Civil Rights Movement. Like many Christians, African American Christians sometimes participate in or attend a Christmas play. Black Nativity by Langston Hughes is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with gospel music. Productions can be found a African American theaters and churches all over the country. Islam [pic] A member of the Nation of Islam selling merchandise on a city street corner. Despite the popular assumption that the Nation represents all or most African American Muslims, less than 2% are members. Generations before the advent of the Atlantic slave trade, Islam was a thriving religion in West Africa due to its peaceful introduction via the lucrative trans-Saharan trade between prominent tribes in the southern Sahara and the Berbers to the North. In his attesting to this fact the West African scholar Cheikh Anta Diop explained: â€Å"The primary reason for the success of Islam in Black Africa†¦ consequently stems from the fact that it was propagated peacefully at first by solitary Arabo-Berber travelers to certain Black kings and notables, who then spread it about them to those under their jurisdiction† Many first-generation slaves were often able to retain their Muslim identity, their descendants were not. Slaves were either forcibly converted to Christianity as was the case in the Catholic lands or were besieged with gross inconviences to their religious practice such as in the case of the Protestant American mainland. In the decades after slavery and particularly during the depression era, Islam reemerged in the form of highly visible and sometimes controversial heterodox movements in the African American community. The first of these of note was the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Noble Drew Ali. Ali had a profound influence on Wallace Fard, who later founded the Black nationalist Nation of Islam in 1930. Elijah Muhammad became head of the organization in 1934. Much like Malcolm X, who left the Nation of Islam in 1964, many African American Muslims now follow traditional Islam. A survey by the Council on American-Islamic Relations shows that 30% of Sunni Mosque attendees are African Americans. African American orthodox Muslims are often the victims of stereotypes, most notably the assumption that an African American Muslim is a member of the Nation of Islam. They are often viewed by the uneducated African-American community in general as less authentic than Muslims from the Middle East or South Asia while credibility is less of an issue with immigrant Muslims and Muslim world in general. Other religions. Aside from Christianity and Islam, there are also African Americans who follow Judaism, Buddhism, and a number of other religions. The Black Hebrew Israelites are a collection of African American Jewish religious organizations. Among their varied teachings, they often include that African Americans are descended from the Biblical Hebrews (sometimes with the paradoxical claim that the Jewish people are not). There is a small but growing number of African Americans who participate in African traditional religions, such as Vodou and Santeria or Ifa and diasporic traditions like Rastafarianism. Many of them are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean and South America, where these are practiced. Because of religious practices, such as animal sacrifice, which are no longer common among American religions and are often legally prohibited, these groups may be viewed negatively and are sometimes the victims of harassment. Life events For most African Americans, the observance of life events follows the pattern of mainstream American culture. There are some traditions which are unique to African Americans. Some African Americans have created new rites of passage that are linked to African traditions. Pre-teen and teenage boys and girls take classes to prepare them for adulthood. They are typically taught spirituality, responsibility, and leadership. Most of these programs are modeled after traditional African ceremonies, with the focus largely on embracing African ideologies rather than specific rituals. To this day, some African American couples choose to â€Å"jump the broom† as a part of their wedding ceremony. Although the practice, which can be traced back to Ghana, fell out of favor in the African American community after the end of slavery, it has experienced a slight resurgence in recent years as some couples seek to reaffirm their African heritage. Funeral traditions tend to vary based on a number of factors, including religion and location, but there are a number of commonalities. Probably the most important part of death and dying in the African American culture is the gathering of family and friends. Either in the last days before death or shortly after death, typically any friends and family members that can be reached are notified. This gathering helps to provide spiritual and emotional support, as well as assistance in making decisions and accomplishing everyday tasks. The spirituality of death is very important in African American culture. A member of the clergy or members of the religious community, or both, are typically present with the family through the entire process. Death is often viewed as transitory rather than final. Many services are called homegoings, instead of funerals, based on the belief that the person is going home to the afterlife. The entire end of life process is generally treated as a celebration of life rather than a mourning of loss. This is most notably demonstrated in the New Orleans Jazz Funeral tradition where upbeat music, dancing, and food encourage those gathered to be happy and celebrate the homegoing of a beloved friend. Cuisine [pic] A traditional soul food dinner consisting of fried chicken, candied yams, collard greens, cornbread, and macaroni and cheese. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African influences. African American foods reflect creative responses to racial and economic oppression and poverty. Under slavery, African Americans were not allowed to eat better cuts of meat, and after emancipation many often were too poor to afford them. Soul food, a hearty cuisine commonly associated with African Americans in the South (but also common to African Americans nationwide), makes cre.